This blog is part of Thinking Activity assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir to rethink about postcolonial study throut the lenses of Bollywood, Hollywood, Literally text etc.
Based on the article,
1. analyze how globalization reshapes postcolonial identities. How does global capitalism influence the cultural and economic dimensions of postcolonial societies? Can you relate this discussion to films or literature that depict the challenges of postcolonial identities in a globalized world?
The article Globalization and the Future of Postcolonial Studies (Barad, 2022) shows how globalization complicates postcolonial identities by reshaping cultural, political, and economic landscapes. Let’s unpack this step by step and then connect it with literature and films.
1. Globalization and Postcolonial Identities
Globalization blurs the old binaries of “center” and “margin” central to postcolonial studies. Instead of fixed colonial hierarchies, identities are now shaped by transnational networks, cultural flows, and deterritorialization.
For formerly colonized societies, this means: Hybrid Identities: People embody both local traditions and global influences, often struggling between cultural preservation and assimilation.
Domination in New Forms: Instead of direct colonial rule, global powers now exert influence through soft power (media, technology, education) and hard power (wars, economic sanctions).
2. Global Capitalism’s Influence
Global capitalism operates as a continuation of colonial exploitation, but under the guise of free markets:
Economic Inequalities: Scholars like Joseph Stiglitz and P. Sainath argue that “market fundamentalism” entrenches poverty in developing nations while enriching global elites.
Cultural Homogenization: Hollywood, fast fashion, and global brands impose Western lifestyles, often erasing indigenous or local cultural practices.
Neoliberal Pressures: Institutions like the IMF and World Bank impose structural reforms that weaken sovereignty, mirroring old imperial dependencies.
Thus, globalization doesn’t erase colonial dynamics—it repackages them under neoliberal capitalism.
3. Cultural & Economic Dimensions
Cultural: Globalization produces what Homi Bhabha calls the “third space,” where hybrid identities form, but also where cultural loss occurs.
Economic: Integration into global supply chains (e.g., Friedman’s Dell Theory) fosters dependence. Developing nations may grow economically, but remain vulnerable to global shocks.
4. Connections to Literature & Film
Many texts and films capture these postcolonial-global tensions:
Literature
The White Tiger (Aravind Adiga): Shows how global capitalism creates both aspiration and exploitation in postcolonial India.
An Artist of the Floating World (Kazuo Ishiguro): Explores identity in Japan after imperial collapse and Western influence.
Things Fall Apart (Chinua Achebe): Though colonial-era, its themes echo today’s cultural displacements under globalization.
Films
Slumdog Millionaire: Highlights how globalized media intersects with poverty and postcolonial urban realities.
Lagaan: Shows colonial exploitation tied to economics, which resonates with how global capitalism still structures inequality.
The Reluctant Fundamentalist: Directly engages globalization, 9/11, and hybrid identity crises in a postcolonial subject.
5. Conclusion
Globalization reshapes postcolonial identities by producing new hybrid, fragmented selves that negotiate between cultural heritage and capitalist pressures. Economically, it perpetuates inequalities reminiscent of colonialism, while culturally it risks homogenization under Western influence. Yet, it also provides opportunities for resistance, creativity, and new solidarities.
Drawing from it, explore how contemporary fiction offers a critique of globalization from a postcolonial lens. How do authors from postcolonial backgrounds navigate themes of resistance, hybridity, or identity crisis in their works? Consider analyzing a film that addresses similar issues.
Contemporary Fiction as Postcolonial Critique of Globalization Postcolonial authors often depict globalization as a double-edged force: it offers new opportunities but also reproduces older hierarchies of power in new economic, cultural, and political forms. The article highlights works such as Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis, Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, and Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger, which reveal globalization’s contradictions.
1. Resistance:
Cosmopolis (DeLillo) portrays anti-globalization protests in Manhattan, dramatizing resistance to capitalist excess.
The Fountain at the Center of the World (Newman) depicts WTO protests in Seattle, foregrounding collective dissent against neoliberal structures.
2. Hybridity:
Postcolonial fiction often presents hybrid identities negotiating global and local pressures. Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness highlights how marginalized voices (Kashmiri separatists, transgender communities, displaced villagers) resist homogenizing global capital while creating hybrid spaces of solidarity.
3. Identity Crisis:
The White Tiger (Adiga) critiques how neoliberal India promises upward mobility but deepens inequality. Balram Halwai’s rise from chauffeur to entrepreneur satirizes the fractured self navigating between feudal remnants and global capitalism.
Ian McEwan’s Saturday illustrates how global conflict intrudes into personal lives, showing individuals torn between privilege and the ethical responsibilities of a global citizen.
Together, these novels dramatize globalization’s “Empire” (Hardt & Negri) as a deterritorialized power managing identities and hierarchies. Fiction becomes a site where the voices of the subaltern articulate both suffering and resistance.
A Film Parallel: Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
Like these novels, Danny Boyle’s Slumdog Millionaire can be read through a postcolonial lens:
Resistance: The film critiques how global consumer culture exploits poverty for spectacle, while the protagonist Jamal resists systemic oppression through knowledge and survival.
Hybridity: English-language narration and Bollywood-style spectacle merge Western cinematic techniques with Indian storytelling, itself a hybrid cultural product of globalization.
Identity Crisis: Jamal navigates Mumbai’s transformation into a neoliberal hub where slums exist beside global call centers, reflecting fractured identities caught between local roots and global flows.
Conclusion
Contemporary fiction and film critique globalization not as a monolith but as a contested space. Postcolonial writers and filmmakers foreground resistance movements, explore hybrid cultural negotiations, and dramatize the identity crises of individuals caught between global capitalism and local traditions. By doing so, they reclaim narrative agency, reminding us that globalization is not only about interconnected markets but also about contested identities, unequal power, and the ongoing legacy of colonialism.
2. explore how contemporary fiction offers a critique of globalization from a postcolonial lens. How do authors from postcolonial backgrounds navigate themes of resistance, hybridity, or identity crisis in their works? Consider analyzing a film that addresses similar issues.
Furthur reading of Articale: (Click Here)
Introduction
Globalization, with its promises of connectivity and economic growth, has profoundly reshaped cultural and political realities across the globe. Exploring Postcolonial Critique and Literary Representations explains, literature has persistently exposed the darker sides of globalization—economic domination, social inequality, cultural homogenization, and identity crises.
Contemporary fiction, particularly by postcolonial writers, offers a space to critique neoliberal capitalism and to reflect on how individuals and communities resist or adapt. Through themes of resistance, hybridity, and identity crisis, postcolonial authors interrogate the uneven impacts of globalization. Films, too, dramatize these tensions, offering visual narratives of survival and protest in a globalized world.
1. Resistance: Contesting Global Capitalism
One of the strongest critiques of globalization in fiction is the depiction of resistance to corporate dominance and neoliberal markets.
Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis portrays anti-globalization protests erupting in New York, where the young billionaire Eric Packer represents the detachment of global finance from human reality. The chaotic protests highlight the anger of marginalized groups against an abstract, corporate-driven order.
Robert Newman’s The Fountain at the Center of the World fictionalizes the 1999 WTO protests in Seattle. By weaving stories of Mexican workers, political corruption, and environmental damage, Newman connects local suffering to global power structures.
These novels illustrate that globalization is not a smooth process of integration, but a contested terrain marked by unrest.
Film Parallel: Mira Nair’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2012) shows a Pakistani protagonist disillusioned with Wall Street capitalism after 9/11. His rejection of global finance parallels the literary protests, critiquing the exploitative logic of neoliberal globalization while dramatizing resistance at a personal level.
2. Hybridity: Negotiating Global and Local Worlds
Globalization fosters hybrid cultural identities, but hybridity is often marked by conflict and survival rather than celebration.
Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness explores lives of marginalized groups in India—Dalits, hijras (transgender communities), and Kashmiri activists—who resist erasure by state and corporate “development” projects. Their identities are hybrid, formed at the intersections of tradition, nationalism, and global capitalism.
Hybrid forms are also visible in language and narrative style. Postcolonial writers often employ fragmented structures, multiple voices, or mixed registers (e.g., English with regional idioms) to reflect cultural multiplicity under globalization.
Film Parallel: Slumdog Millionaire (2008) reflects hybridity in form and theme—mixing Bollywood tropes with Western cinematic styles. The story of Jamal’s rise from Mumbai’s slums critiques inequality while showing how global media consumes local poverty as spectacle. The hybridity here reveals both opportunities for visibility and the dangers of commodification.
3. Identity Crisis: The Individual in a Globalized World
Globalization often produces crises of identity, especially for those caught between local belonging and global aspiration.
Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger satirizes India’s neoliberal rise through Balram Halwai, a chauffeur who murders his master to escape poverty. His journey reflects both the promise of globalization (social mobility) and its corruption (violence, inequality). Balram embodies the fractured identity of a man forced to embrace ruthless individualism in a capitalist system
Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake (though not cited in the article) also fits here: it dramatizes the struggles of immigrants balancing diasporic identity, global mobility, and cultural roots.
Film Parallel: The Reluctant Fundamentalist again works here, since Changez experiences an identity crisis—celebrated as a global professional pre-9/11 but vilified as a Muslim afterward. His shifting identity captures how global politics and cultural prejudice reshape postcolonial subjectivity.
Conclusion
Contemporary fiction offers a crucial critique of globalization from a postcolonial lens. Authors like DeLillo, Newman, Roy, and Adiga reveal how global capitalism provokes resistance movements, how hybrid identities emerge in contexts of cultural and political conflict, and how individuals confront identity crises under neoliberal pressures. Films such as The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Slumdog Millionaire extend these critiques into visual culture, dramatizing the human costs of global interdependence. Taken together, these works show that globalization is not simply about connection and progress—it is also about inequality, dislocation, and the enduring struggle for justice in a postcolonial world.
3.discuss how they intersect with environmental concerns in the Anthropocene. How are colonized peoples disproportionately affected by climate change and ecological degradation? Reflect on this issue through a film that depicts ecological or environmental destruction, particularly in formerly colonized nations.
For furthur reading: (Click Here)
Introduction
Postcolonial studies, traditionally concerned with the legacies of empire and cultural resistance, now intersect with environmental questions in the Anthropocene — the epoch where human activity irreversibly alters the planet’s climate and ecosystems. Scholars like Dipesh Chakrabarty argue that climate change exceeds older analytical frames of colonizer–colonized but still accentuates historical inequalities
Formerly colonized nations, often rich in natural resources but politically marginalized, face disproportionate ecological damage due to colonial extraction and contemporary neoliberal capitalism. Examining this intersection reveals how environmental degradation is not evenly shared: those least responsible for greenhouse emissions are often the most vulnerable.
1. Colonialism, Environmental Exploitation, and the Anthropocene
Vandana Shiva highlights how colonialism laid the foundations for ecological destruction, eroding sustainable local cultures and turning diverse ecosystems into monocultures for profit. Colonial plantations, mining, and dam projects displaced communities and restructured environments, embedding inequality into ecological systems.
Rob Nixon’s concept of “spatial amnesia” shows how Western narratives of wilderness erase the violent histories of dispossession that created “empty” lands for conservation or extraction
Thus, postcolonial critique insists that climate change cannot be understood apart from these historical patterns of land seizure and resource plunder.
2. Disproportionate Impacts on Colonized Peoples
Formerly colonized peoples experience the brunt of climate change: Rising seas threaten Pacific Island nations, once exploited as colonial naval outposts.
The Niger Delta faces oil pollution from multinational corporations, with activists like Ken Saro-Wiwa executed for resisting Shell’s exploitation.
In India, the Narmada Bachao Andolan resisted dam projects that displaced thousands of tribal people, a case of internal colonialism where development mirrors earlier imperial practices.
These examples illustrate what David Harvey terms “accumulation by dispossession” — capital continues to grow by seizing land, water, and forests from marginalized groups. Climate change amplifies this injustice, making already vulnerable communities face floods, droughts, and displacement without the resources to adapt.
3. Rethinking Postcolonialism in the Anthropocene
Dipesh Chakrabarty suggests that the Anthropocene requires a shift toward species thinking: all humans have become geological agents, but not equally. Postcolonial studies thus expand to include ecological justice, linking historical colonial plunder with present environmental crises. For instance, fossil capitalism — originating in industrial Europe — continues to burden the Global South disproportionately.
This reframing does not erase cultural difference but insists that ecological survival is bound up with justice for colonized peoples.
4. Filmic Representation of Environmental Destruction
Cinema provides a vivid medium to explore these tensions. The Constant Gardener (2005), set in postcolonial Kenya, dramatizes how multinational corporations exploit African land and people under the guise of development, resonating with the legacy of colonial dispossession.
Avatar (2009), though fictional, allegorizes colonial and corporate extraction on indigenous lands — a metaphor for both colonialism and contemporary ecological plunder.
A sharper postcolonial example is Erin Brockovich (2000) transplanted to Global South contexts: films on the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (e.g., Bhopal: A Prayer for Rain, 2014) highlight how multinational negligence devastates marginalized populations, echoing themes from Ken Saro-Wiwa’s activism.
Such films foreground how ecological destruction disproportionately devastates formerly colonized or marginalized communities while exposing the corporate–state nexus that enables it.
Conclusion
Postcolonial studies in the Anthropocene highlight how colonial histories of extraction continue in new guises, linking capitalism, dispossession, and ecological collapse. Colonized peoples are disproportionately affected by climate change — displaced by floods, poisoned by industrial waste, or uprooted by “development.” As Barad’s article notes, this calls for a new universalism rooted in ecological justice. Films like The Constant Gardener or portrayals of the Bhopal disaster remind us that the Anthropocene is not just a planetary condition but also a political one — a crisis that deepens the inequalities of empire while demanding urgent solidarity and resistance.
4. From examining how Hollywood shapes global perceptions of U.S. hegemony. How do these films project American dominance, and what postcolonial critiques can be applied to these narratives? Consider selecting other films or TV series that perpetuate similar hegemonic ideals.
For futhur reading: (Click Here)
Introduction
Hollywood has long been more than entertainment: it is a powerful tool of soft power, shaping how global audiences perceive the United States. As Dilip Barad argues, franchises like Rambo and James Bond (though Bond is British, it aligns with U.S.-led Western hegemony) project narratives of America and its allies as global saviors.
These films reinforce U.S. dominance by positioning American (or allied) figures as defenders of democracy and freedom against villains coded as communist, terrorist, or criminal. Postcolonial critique reveals how such films perpetuate cultural imperialism, normalizing U.S. geopolitical interests as universal ideals.
1. Projecting American Dominance through Cinema
Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985) reimagines the Vietnam War, portraying U.S. soldiers as betrayed heroes redeeming America’s honor. Vietnamese characters are reduced to villains, shifting the narrative away from U.S. defeat toward heroic redemption.
Rambo III (1988) shows Rambo aiding Afghan Mujahideen, aligning with U.S. Cold War policy. America is framed as liberator, glossing over the long-term consequences of arming rebels.
James Bond: The Living Daylights (1987) mirrors this narrative, with Bond also assisting Afghan rebels, embedding Hollywood within broader Western geopolitical propaganda
Through these stories, Hollywood constructs America as the moral center of world politics while marginalizing non-Western voices.
2. Postcolonial Critique of Hollywood’s Hegemony
From a postcolonial lens, these films exhibit: Orientalism (Edward Said): Non-Western characters are depicted as exotic, dangerous, or in need of Western intervention. Rambo and Bond rescue the “helpless,” reproducing colonial hierarchies.
Cultural Hegemony (Gramsci): Hollywood normalizes American values—individual heroism, military might, capitalist freedom—as global norms, making domination seem natural.
Soft Power and Imperialism: As the article notes, Hollywood projects America as a benevolent superpower.Yet, these narratives erase histories of exploitation, presenting U.S. interventions as moral crusades rather than imperial maneuvers.
Thus, postcolonial critique exposes how Hollywood reinforces neo-imperial dominance under the guise of entertainment.
3. Other Films/Series that Perpetuate U.S. Hegemony
This pattern extends far beyond Rambo and Bond: Zero Dark Thirty (2012): Frames the U.S. pursuit of Bin Laden as a righteous mission, glossing over torture and sovereignty violations.
American Sniper (2014): Heroizes a U.S. soldier in Iraq, presenting American violence as defense of freedom, while Iraqi voices are silenced.
24 (TV series): Normalizes torture and unilateral U.S. action in the “War on Terror.” Top Gun (1986, 2022): Glorifies the U.S. military as defenders of global order, reinforcing American exceptionalism.
These narratives consolidate what Ella Shohat and Robert Stam call the “imperial unconscious” of Hollywood — stories that unconsciously reproduce Western dominance.
4. Alternatives and Critiques
The article notes Palki Sharma’s suggestion that Bollywood replicate Hollywood’s soft power strategies. But postcolonial critique warns against mimicking hegemonic practices. Instead, global cinema can offer counter-hegemonic narratives:
The Battle of Algiers (1966) – portrays Algerian resistance against French colonialism.
Lagaan (2001) – uses cricket to allegorize resistance against British rule.
District 9 (2009) – a South African allegory critiquing apartheid and Western exploitation.
Such works challenge U.S.-centric narratives, creating space for marginalized perspectives.
Conclusion
Hollywood franchises like Rambo and James Bond project American dominance by scripting the U.S. as global liberator while silencing postcolonial voices. Postcolonial critiques reveal these as cultural tools of empire, perpetuating Orientalist stereotypes and legitimizing interventions as moral duty. Other films and TV series, from Zero Dark Thirty to Top Gun, extend this hegemonic celluloid empire. Yet, counter-narratives from global cinema remind us that storytelling can resist as well as reinforce hegemony. The challenge is not for non-Western industries to replicate Hollywood’s imperial formula, but to reimagine cinema as a site of plural, resistant, and decolonial storytelling.
5.reflect on how the film appropriates and reimagines tribal resistance against colonial powers. How can such narratives contribute to or undermine postcolonial struggles? You could relate this to other films that portray resistance or appropriation of indigenous or subaltern heroes. for furthur reading: (Click Here)
Introduction
In his essay “Reimagining Resistance: The Appropriation of Tribal Heroes in Rajamouli’s RRR”, Dilip Barad examines how the blockbuster film RRR reinterprets the lives of Alluri Sitarama Raju and Komaram Bheem, two historical figures remembered for their resistance against oppression.
Both leaders fought for tribal rights to land, forest, and water, yet the film reframes their struggles as part of a larger nationalist fight against the British Raj. While Rajamouli’s cinematic spectacle succeeds in generating pride in India’s anti-colonial past, it also raises questions about the erasure of tribal specificity, displacement, and environmental justice. This tension between nationalist appropriation and subaltern realities invites a postcolonial critique of how cinema represents resistance.
Appropriation and Reimagining of Tribal Resistance
Rajamouli’s RRR transforms Raju and Bheem into epic heroes in a story of Indian unity against colonial oppression. However, as Barad notes, this reimagining dilutes their actual struggles. Raju opposed the 1882 Madras Forest Act, which restricted Adivasi access to forests, while Bheem’s slogan “Jal, Jangal, Zameen” (Water, Forest, Land) encapsulated the fight against dispossession under the Nizam. Their resistance was not abstract nationalism but concrete defense of resources and ways of life. By appropriating these figures into a nationalist narrative, RRR overlooks the continuing issues of displacement, industrialization, and ecological degradation that haunt tribal communities today.
This is not simply an artistic choice but a political one. Nationalist retellings often reframe tribal struggles within the language of the nation-state, flattening local specificities. The danger is that subaltern voices are celebrated as symbols but silenced as agents. Thus, while RRR entertains global audiences, it also perpetuates what Gayatri Spivak called the problem of representation: the subaltern can be spoken for, but rarely speaks.
Displacement and Environmental Justice
One of the strongest insights from Barad’s article is how RRR sidesteps the theme of displacement, a reality central to tribal history. Annie Zaidi reminds us that displacement is not just physical relocation but a profound loss: of rivers, forests, cattle, and the right to protest.
For Adivasis, the fight for Jal, Jangal, Zameen remains existential, as corporate projects, dams, and mining continue to displace communities.
By shifting the narrative toward nationalist victory, RRR risks depoliticizing these ongoing struggles. A postcolonial environmental critique emphasizes that colonialism’s legacy is not only political domination but also ecological exploitation. The Anthropocene, as scholars like Dipesh Chakrabarty argue, cannot be separated from histories of empire. Thus, tribal resistance against deforestation and displacement must be read as both anti-colonial and eco-political. Rajamouli’s failure to connect past resistance with present ecological crises marks a missed opportunity for cinema to engage with environmental justice.
Nationalism vs. Subaltern Voices
The film’s nationalist framework reflects a larger dilemma in postcolonial representation: does celebrating anti-colonial unity inadvertently erase subaltern struggles? Nationalism, while vital in mobilizing against colonialism, can reproduce the silencing of marginalized groups. By reimagining Bheem and Raju primarily as national icons, RRR risks what Partha Chatterjee identifies as the tendency of nationalist discourse to subsume diversity into a singular narrative of the nation.
This is not unique to RRR. Hollywood films like Avatar (2009) appropriate indigenous resistance allegorically, portraying white saviors as central figures while drawing on tribal imagery. Similarly, Mel Gibson’s Apocalypto (2006) dramatizes Mayan collapse without engaging colonial violence directly, turning indigenous suffering into spectacle. In both cases, the spectacle of resistance entertains global audiences but may obscure real histories of exploitation.
By contrast, films such as The Battle of Algiers (1966) or Even the Rain (2010) center subaltern agency more explicitly. Even the Rain, for instance, connects colonial conquest in Latin America with contemporary water privatization protests in Bolivia, showing how indigenous struggles continue. Unlike RRR, it links past and present forms of exploitation, underscoring continuity rather than abstraction.
Postcolonial Implications in a Globalized World
The global success of RRR—streamed worldwide on Netflix and hailed as a cultural phenomenon—illustrates the power of cinema to project national identity in a globalized marketplace. But it also shows how postcolonial struggles risk being aestheticized for international consumption. When tribal resistance becomes a CGI-enhanced nationalist spectacle, global audiences may celebrate “Indian resistance” while overlooking the dispossession of Adivasis today.
Here lies a paradox for postcolonial thought. On one hand, films like RRR reclaim agency from Western narratives, placing Indian heroes at the center of global cinema. On the other, they risk replicating the same hegemonic practices—appropriating subaltern struggles to serve national or commercial agendas. In today’s world of climate crisis, migration, and inequality, postcolonial studies must emphasize how struggles for land, forest, and water remain central to justice. Popular cinema, if attentive, could bridge history and present by showing that the fight against colonial powers and corporate empires are part of the same continuum.
Conclusion
Rajamouli’s RRR dramatizes the grandeur of anti-colonial struggle but appropriates tribal heroes in ways that overshadow their true legacies. By transforming Alluri Sitarama Raju and Komaram Bheem into symbols of nationalist resistance, the film neglects their rooted fight for Jal, Jangal, Zameen. A postcolonial critique reveals how such narratives can simultaneously inspire pride yet undermine subaltern struggles, reproducing silences in the name of unity. Comparing RRR with films like Avatar or Even the Rain underscores the tension between spectacle and representation, between appropriation and authenticity.
For postcolonial thought today, the lesson is clear: resistance must be remembered not just as heroic myth but as living struggle—for land, water, forests, and justice. Only then can cinema move beyond appropriating tribal voices toward amplifying them in the face of ongoing colonial legacies in a globalized, unequal world.
Reference:
Barad, Dilip. “GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES.” ResearchGate, Oct. 2022, www.researchgate.net/publication/376374570_GLOBALIZATION_AND_THE_FUTURE_OF_POSTCOLONIAL_STUDIES . Accessed 6 Nov. 2025.
Barad, Dilip. “GLOBALIZATION AND FICTION: EXPLORING POSTCOLONIAL CRITIQUE AND LITERARY REPRESENTATIONS.” ResearchGate, Oct. 2022, www.researchgate.net/publication/376374570_GLOBALIZATION_AND_THE_FUTURE_OF_POSTCOLONIAL_STUDIES. Accessed 6 Nov. 2025.
Barad, Dilip. “POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES IN THE ANTHROPOCENE: BRIDGING PERSPECTIVES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.” ResearchGate, Oct. 2022, www.researchgate.net/publication/376374570_GLOBALIZATION_AND_THE_FUTURE_OF_POSTCOLONIAL_STUDIES. Accessed 6 Nov. 2025.
Barad, Dilip. “Heroes or Hegemons? The Celluloid Empire of Rambo and Bond in America’s Geopolitical Narrative.” ResearchGate, Oct. 2022, www.researchgate.net/publication/376374570_GLOBALIZATION_AND_THE_FUTURE_OF_POSTCOLONIAL_STUDIES. Accessed 6 Nov. 2025.
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